Diesel forklift truck Operation and maintenance
BACK>>内燃叉车的使用与保养
Diesel forklift truck
Operation and maintenance
一、 叉车的基本结构:
Forklifts Basic Structure
由动力系统、传动系统、转向系统、工作系统、液压系统、操纵系统、车身系统、电器系统组成。
Forklifts include driving system, transmission system, lifting system, steering system, hydraulic system, operation system, truck body system, electrical system.
1. 动力系统:由发动机、进气装置、排气装置、散热装置组成。分为柴油机、汽油机。
Driving system includes engine, air intake device, emission device, cooling device.
Engine includes diesel engine and gasoline engine.
EP diesel forklifts mainly are Nissan engine, Isuzu engine, Cummins engine, Yanmar engine and Chinese made engine, like xinchang, luotuo, Yuchai engine.
EP gasoline forklifts mainly are Nissan engine, GM engine, Mazda engine and Chinese made
Engine , like WF, xinchang engine.
2. 传动系统:可分为机械传动、液力传动。由液力变矩器、液力变速箱、驱动桥组成。在液力变矩器之后,串联一个液力变速箱,既可自动无级变速,又有较宽的变矩范围,使得传动系统操纵简便,牵引性能提高.
There are two types transmissions, mechanical transmission and hydraulic transmission.
Mechanical transmission includes clutch, transmission box, drive axle assembly.
Hydraulic Transmission system includes hydraulic torque-convert transmission, transmission box, drive axle assembly.
Comparing them, hydraulic transmission is easier operation , the driving power is stronger than mechnical transmission. Because the hydraulic Torque-convert transmission links hydraulic transmission box allowing automatic speed changing and wider tor-con range.
Most EP forklifts use hydraulic transmission.
离合器:在启动和换挡时,使发动机和传动装置分离,保证叉车平稳启动、顺利变换速度和防止传动机构超载。
(1) Clutch:
Clutch makes engine and transmission system apart when starting or gear. It helps forklifts
Smoothly start and fluently gear, also avoiding transmission system overload.
(2)液力变速箱:改变来自发动机的转速和扭矩并传动给驱动桥,使叉车获得所需要的牵引力和行驶速度,并实现倒向行驶。
(2)Transmission box :
According to change the engine rotate speed and torque, then transfer the required power to Transmission axle to make sure forklifts get the proper power and necessary speed or required
backward steering.
(3)驱动桥:改变由变速箱传来扭矩的大小和方向,传给驱动轮,并保证叉车在不平整路面或转弯时,左右驱动轮以不同转速滚动。
Transmission axle:
The function is to change torque which is transferred by gear box, then transmission axle transfer the required torque to driving wheel which roll in different speed to make sure forklift truck can move on uneven floor or turning.
3. 转向系统:方向盘、转向柱、万向节、全液压转向器、转向油缸、转向桥。转向是通过转动方向盘由转向柱和万向节带动全液压转向器,来控制由组合多路阀出来的压力油的方向,推动横置油缸内活塞杆的移动,改变车轮的角度,实现转向,叉车的转向是由后轮来完成的。(补充介绍:因为门架在前,所以驱动轮在前,转向为后轮,如果驱动轮在后,那么装在货物时,后轮的压力较小,摩擦力小会用不上力。)
Steering system includes wheel assy steering , steering post, steering knuckle, hydraulic steering valve, steering wheel pump, steering axle.
Steering post and steering knuckle drive hydraulic steering valve when operate steering wheel ,
to control hydraulic oil direction , then push piston moving in oil pump. The function is to change the wheel angle to make steering come true.
Forklift truck steering is carried out by rear wheel. The reason is mast is in the front .
工作系统:又叫起重系统,由链轮、链条、起升油缸、货叉、货叉架、内外门架、倾斜油缸、限速阀等组成。功能:直接承受全部货物重量,并完成取货、升降、堆放等装卸作业。货叉的提升是由起升油缸带动链条,通过门架的提升来完成的,下降则是由货物自身重量实现的。门架的前倾及后倾是由倾斜油缸的动作来实现的。
Lifting system includes chain wheel, chain, lifting cylinder, forks, fork bracket, inner mast, outer mast, tilt cylinder, stopper etc .
The function is to load merchandise weight, and pick up, lift, lower, stack etc operation.
Forks lifting is caused by mast lifting and the mast lifting is caused by cylinder and chain driven system.
Forks lower is done by merchandise self weight
Mast forward and backward are done by titling cylinder.
4. 液压系统:齿轮泵、组合多路阀、限速阀、油缸、油箱、滤油器、油管、管接头等元件。工作原理:由齿轮泵将油箱中的液压油压送到组合多路阀,经分流阀片将油分成两路,一路通过操纵阀杆将压力油送到起升油缸或倾斜油缸,另一路向转向系统的全液压转向器供油,组合多路阀控制液压油的油压和方向,并通过起升油缸和倾斜油缸使门架起升或前后倾斜来达到装卸运输货物的目的。工作系统不工作时,液压油通过组合多路阀的中间油道流回油箱。
Hydraulic system includes gear pump, multi-ply valve, stopper valve, cylinder, oil tank, filter, oil piping etc.
Principle
Gear pump make hydraulic oil to multi-ply valve which divide into two oil piping.
One way is to deliver pressured oil to lifting cylinder or tilt cylinder by operation gear.
Another way is to deliver pressured oil to hydraulic steering valve
The function of multi-ply valve is to control hydraulic oil pressure and direction. And through lifting cylinder and tilt cylinder to finish mast lifting and tilt operation.
When lifting system is out of work, pressured oil go back oil tank through by middle piping which belongs to multi-ply valve.
5. 操纵系统:内燃机启动、油门、制动、(离合)微动。制动包括脚制动和手制动,两者共用一个蹄式制动器。脚制动装置是由脚制动踏板、制动总泵、制动分泵、制动鼓、制动蹄片组成。踩下制动踏板,制动总泵将油压入制动分泵,分泵中的两个活塞杆使两个蹄片压倒制动鼓上,将旋转的车轮制动住。同样紧动手制动手柄时,通过几组连杆、连板的动作,使蹄片顶向制动鼓。
Operation system includes engine start switch, accelerate pedal, brake, (clutch) inching brake.
Brake includes foot brake and hand brake who both use shoe & lining assy.
Foot brake includes foot brake pedal, brake assy-drive axle , cylinder assy-wheel, brake drum,
Shoe & lining assy.
To tread brake pedal, brake assy-drive axle make the hydraulic oil into cylinder assy-wheel.
And two pistons which is in cylinder assy-wheel , make shoe & lining assy hold down brake drum. Then it allows moving wheel stop.
The principle of hand brake is like foot brake .
6. 车身系统:车架、仪表架、机盖、配重块等组成。是整台车辆的基础。支撑着叉车的各个部件,同时承受工作载荷。
Truck body system includes truck body, Instrument panel & floor, hood & hinge, counterbalance etc .
Truck body system is the basic of the whole truck. The function is to support others parts and load
Work weight.
7. 电器系统:蓄电池、起动机、发电机、电器仪表、灯具、线束组成。作用是启动内燃机,提供有关照明灯、指示灯、仪表的显示。叉车采用单线制,负极搭铁,电压12V。
Electrical system includes battery, starter, alternator, instrument meter, lamp, wiring harness.
The function is to start engine, supply lighting etc.
Forklift truck is single line , voltage is 12V
二、 叉车的正确使用:
How to operate forklift truck
1. 方向盘的握法:两手分别握紧方向盘的左右两侧,但不能死抓,左手在九、十点之间,右手在三四点之间,这样当右手操纵其他机件时,左手仍能自如的进行转向。主干道长距离的行驶双手操作,短距离。左手操作转向,右手操作多路阀手柄,行驶中应保持直线不打S形。
how to operate steering wheel ?
two hands hold the steering wheel , like the video show.
When long distance work, driver needs to hold the steering wheel by two hands in main stem.
When short distance work, left hands operate steering wheel, right hand operate multi-ply level.
2. 方向盘倾角调整:向下搬动手柄,转向管柱被松开,可按操作者习惯,在前后10度内调整。向上搬动手柄转向管柱被锁紧。
How to adjust the angle of steering wheel ?
Downward the level to release steering post. Driver can adjust it by personal favourite in the range of 10 degree.
Upward the level can lock the steering post
3. 换向:通过方向开关完成,向前推动方向开关,叉车向前行驶。向后推动方向开关,叉车向后行驶。后退时倒车灯会亮,并有警报声。换向时必须先停车。启动前必须将推入中间位置的空档才能启动。
How to operate forklift truck forward and backward ?
Forklift truck have a direction switch.
Forward the switch , forklift truck move forward
Backward the switch , forklift truck move backward. The backward lights and alarm are on at this moment.
Please note: (1)You must stop truck firstly, then shift direction.
(2)When start forklift truck, you need to place the switch in the middle position .
4. 脚制动:踏下脚制动踏板,后灯红灯亮,叉车停止。在叉车运行时,制动用脚制动。
Foot brake:
To step on foot brake pedal, rear red lights is on and forklifts stop.
When forklifts run, driver should use foot brake.
5. 油门:踏下油门踏板,踏下的越多,发动机供油量增加,转速加快。使用油门踏板时,应以右脚跟为支点,脚掌踏在踏板上,平稳均匀的踏下或抬起。
Accelerate:
Press down the accelerator pedal, engine rotating speed increase, traveling speed of truck increased. On the contrary, when loosen the pedal, engine rotating speed and truck traveling speed will decrease.
When operating acceleration pedal, driver should use right foot heel as pivot, like operate car.
6. 手制动:向后拉是制动、向前推是松开制动,停车制动时,用手制动。
Hand brake:
Pull level backward is braking.
Push level forward is loosing brake.
To stop truck brake, please using hand brake.
7. 多路阀操纵杆:升降手柄往后拉,货叉起升,起升速度由手柄开度大小和油门大小控制,往前推货叉下降,下降速度由手柄开度大小控制,与油门无关。前后倾手柄,中间位置为关闭,向前为门架前倾,向后为门架后倾,速度由手柄开度大小和油门大小控制。发动机熄火时,门架起升、前后倾动作不能完成,但可以下降。
Level control
How to control the forks lifting or lower ?
Pulling lever means raise, Pushing lever means lower.
Lifting speed is controlled by tilt backwards angle of lever and accelerator pedal effort while the lowering speed can be controlled by tilt forwards angle of the lever. The engine speed or accelerator pedal does not have to do with the lowering speed of the forks.
How to operate mast tilt?
The mast can be tilted by operation of this tilt lever: pulling on this lever backwards will tilt the mast backwards, and pushing it forwards will tilt the mast forwards.
The tilt speed can be controlled by tilt angle of the lever and accelerator pedal effort.
When engine is off, you still can operate mast lower.
8. 点火开关:右旋一档,处于ON位置,接通除启动电路外的所有电路,如果是柴油叉车预热指示灯亮,当灯熄灭以后要是转向Start位置,启动发动机。启动开关左旋,发动机熄火。
Key switch :
clockwise turning switch to position “ON”, get through all circuit except startup circuit.
If diesel forklift truck, the pre-heat lights on, driver should turning key to position “ start” to start up engine. Anticlockwise turning switch , engine is deaded.
9. 充电报警灯:指示蓄电池充电状况,启动开关置于ON位置,灯亮,发动机启动后,此灯熄灭,表示发电机工作正常,蓄电池再充电,在发动机运转时,如果灯继续亮着或闪烁,说明充电不正常,需要立即检查。
Charge indication light: shows the stage of battery charge. It light up when the charge is ON. Light off, when engine starts, indicates the electrical motor operates normal, and battery under recharge state. When lights flashes, means charger is under unusual state, need to be checked immediately.
10. 水温表:指示发动机的冷却水温度,在正常情况下,指针应在绿色区域,当指针在红色区域或温度严重偏低(黄色区域),说明冷却系统有问题,应排除故障再使用。
Water temperature meter: when the indicate pin points to the green area, it indicates the cooling water’s temperature of engine. When the pin points to the red area or yellow area (the temperature is below under the limitation.), that means there are some problem with cooling system, should be checked and fixed before operation.
11. 油压报警灯:指示发动机的润滑工作情况,正常情况启动开关置于ON位置灯亮,发动机启动后,此灯熄灭,在发动机运转时,如果灯继续亮着或闪烁,说明机油压力不正常,需要立即检查。
Oil pressure indicate light: it indicates how engine works under lubricative condition. The start switch is ON, and light is on. After engine starts, light off. During engine operates time, if light flashes, indicates oil pressure is unusual, need to be checked immediately.
12. 预热指示灯:指示柴油机预热情况,灯亮说明正在预热,灯灭预热结束,可以启动。
Warm up indicate light: indicates how diesel truck warms up. Light on means its warming up, light off means warm up stopped, may start the truck.
13. 油水分离器指示灯:对于进口发动机,因为装有油水分离器,所以配装有油水分离器指示灯,指示油水分离器工作情况。启动开关置于ON位置,灯亮,发动机启动后,此灯熄灭,在发动机运转时,如果灯继续亮着或闪烁,应关机立即排水。
Liquid Separator indicate light: for those imported engines, Liquid Separator indicate light is needed for engines’ liquid separator, the light help indicate separator’s operation. When the start switch is switched to ON position, light is on. After engine is started, the light will be off; if the light flashes during the engine’s operating time, should switch off the machine immediately, and drain.
检查开关:H系列,按下检查开关报警灯会亮,说明报警线路工作正常。
Check the switch: H series, press the inspection switch, the alarm light will turned on, that means the alarm system is working.
14. 灯光开关:拉出一档,前后视宽灯亮,拉出二档,前照灯亮,后视宽灯亮,全部推入,依次关闭。
Light switch: pull one gear, the sight lights on the front and back will be on; pull the second gear, the head lamp and sight light at back on; push both gears in, the lights will be off in order.
15. 转向灯开关:向前推,左转指示灯亮,向后拉,右转指示灯亮。
Steering light switch: push forward, left turning light on, pull backward, right turning light on.
16. 微动踏板:踩下踏板,行驶速度下降,进一步踩下踏板,叉车将被制动。一般在叉车制动,减速,或装卸作业需要慢速行驶时使用。紧急情况下,制动踏板和微动踏板应同时踩下,行驶中严禁长时间踩下微动踏板,以免引起变矩器油温过高,还会烧坏离合器摩擦片。
Inching footplate: step on to the plate, slow down the driving speed; step on the plate more, the truck will be stopped. Generally, when truck is stopping, slowing done or unloading, the plate is needed. Under emergency situation, step onto both brake plate and inching plate. The inching plate is forbid to be stepped on for long time during the traveling, in that way it could prevent the torque-converter oil from overheat then damage the clutch.
LPG叉车:
LPG FORKLIFT TRUCK
与普通汽油叉车的区别是,增加一套LPG供给系统,两种燃料供给系统通过电磁阀控制转换。LPG供给系统包括:存储液化石油气的钢瓶、减压调节器、混合器、电磁阀、控制系统等。
Different from the other forklift trucks, the LPG forklift trucks has LPG system provided. Duel system, systems could be switched by electromagnetism valve. LPG system include:
LPG转换开关可以实现汽油和LPG两种燃料的转化。发动机启动前,转换开关置于中间档,所有电磁阀关闭,燃油、燃气管路均处于切断状态。用汽油时,开关拨到左侧汽油档,打开点火开关,油阀处于开启状况,转动点火开关,即可启动发动机。发动机启动时,由燃油供给系统转到燃气供给状态转换时,应先将转换开关置于中间空档,进行过渡性操作,待残油即将用完时,发动机转速会突然下降,这时立即将转换开关拨于右侧燃气档,气阀处于打开状况,完成燃油到燃气的转换。以燃气启动时,将转换开关拨于右侧燃气档,打开点火开关,等待数秒,完成预充气过程,启动点火开关,发动机启动。启动时,由燃气转向燃油,只需直接将转换开关拨于左侧燃油档即可。发动机要停机时,将转换开关拨置中间空档,待发动机内燃料用完,发动机会自动熄火,然后关闭点火开关。
LPG system switch could be able to switch duel system. Before start the engine, position the switch at the mid-gear, electromagnetism valve, fuel tape are under closed state. When using gasoline, switch turned to left the gasoline gear, switch on retrofire, oil valve is under working state, turn the retrofire switch, engine will be started. When start the engine, the fuel support from gasoline to LPG system, the switch should be placed in the mid-gear. When rest oil is using up, the speed of engine will drop suddenly, at this time, the switch should be turned to the right side LPG gear. LPG valve is opened, the fuel system switch finished.
以燃气启动时,将转换开关拨于右侧燃气档,打开点火开关,等待数秒,完成预充气过程,启动点火开关,发动机启动。启动时,由燃气转向燃油,只需直接将转换开关拨于左侧燃油档即可。发动机要停机时,将转换开关拨置中间空档,待发动机内燃料用完,发动机会自动熄火,然后关闭点火开关。
三、安全驾驶:
Three: driving safety
(一) 开车前的准备:
Preparation
1. 检查散热器内是否加了防冻液或冷却水。
Check if the cooling water is filled inside the cooling machine.
2. 使用测压表检查轮胎气压,是否达到标准气压,轮胎型号不同,标准气压不同。轮胎上有石子等硬物,应予以清除。
Use pressure measure equipment to check the tyre pressure, to see if it reaches the standard pressure figure. Different tyre comes with different standards. Clean the tyre, remove the hard objects such as small stones.
3. 检查发动机的机油量是否够用,为保证测量的准确性,游标尺第一次取出时,应用干净的步擦干油迹,放入油底盒,然后检查油量是否在标油尺上下限之间,用同样的方法检查喷油泵的油量是否够用。
Check the fuel level of the engine. To ensure the veracity of the measurement, buoy ruler should be cleaned with the oil-remove cloth, then out into the oil tank, then check if the oil lever is between the high and low limitation of oil measure ruler. Use the same method to check the 喷油泵.
4. 检查油管接头,水管接头,需要密封的部位是否有渗漏的现象。
Check the oil tape connect ends, water tape ends, if there are any leaking at the point which need to be sealed
5. 检查电机柱导线是否松动。
Check the if 电机柱导线 is loosen.
6. 打开启动开关至运行位置,检查转向灯、大灯、前后视宽灯、喇叭是否正常。按下检查开关检查报警灯线路是否正常,检查制动踏板、微动踏板的自由行程是否正常,制动是否灵活可靠。
Switch the start switch to operation position, check the turning light, front light, sight light, horn. Check the alarm system by press the switch button. Check the inching plate, brake plate, to see if they are reliable.
(二) 启动注意事项:
Notice:
1. 将换向开关置于空档位, 启动开关转置运行位置启动叉车内部电路,(如果是柴油车应等预热指示灯熄灭),然后转到启动位置,启动后立即复会原位,每次启动时间不能超过5秒。如果两次启动,间隔应不少于2分钟,若三次不能启动,应查明原因,排除故障再启动。
Place the direction switch N gear空档位, start switch need to be placed at running position to start inside truck’s electric power.( for diesel truck, should wait till warm-up indicate light is off), then switch to the start position, after truck starts, then turn the switch back. Every start time should be over 5 seconds. If need to start twice, then the time in between each start shouldn’t less then 2 minutes, if the truck can not be started at the third time, should check if there is any problem before try to start again.
2. 叉车启动后,微踏油门踏板,保持怠速3-5分钟,水温升高后才能工作。冬季启动时,禁止空车先发动,然后再加冷却水,防止热的发动机和冷却水相遇,造成缸体爆裂。
After truck has been started, genteelly step on accelerator pedal, keep the slow speed for 3-5 minutes, after the water temperature raise up then start operating. During the cold winter time, forbid to start engine then add cooling water. Hot engine meets cooling water could cause explode.
3. 使用的柴油必须清洁,使用前最好经过一星期以上的沉淀或用绸布过滤过。
Used diesel oil needs to be purified; a week deposition is needed, or filtrate with silk material.
4. 应注意油压报警灯,充电报警灯的状况,如发现异常,应立即停机,查明原因。
Always pay attention to the oil pressure alarm light, and charger indication light. Any unusual states, should always stop the truck and check.
(三) 行驶注意事项:
Driving notice:
1. 先试验下制动、转向是否良好。
Test the brake and the trucks’ turning ability, see if there are ready to operate.
2. 一切正常后,松开手制动,推动换向开关,踩下油门,叉车即运行。
After checked every detail, loosen the hand brake, push the direction switch, step on the accelerator pedal, truck should be ready for the operating.
3. 叉车前轮驱动、后轮转向,转向前应打转向灯,按喇叭,转向时应平稳缓慢,方向盘尽可能不打满舵,不允许急转弯。
Forklift’s front wheels are driving wheels, the wheels at back is steering wheels. Turn the turning light on, before truck changes the direction, press horn, driving smooth and slow, avoiding turn steering wheel 360 degree and direction change suddenly.
4. 上坡前油门不要踩的太多,降低车速,上坡后再加大油门。下坡时,车速不要太快,并断续的踩踏制动踏板。
During driving on the ascent, genteelly step on the accelerator pedal, slow done the speed, speed up after the ascent. Driving on the downhill path, need slow done the speed, and step on and off the brake pedal.
5. 叉车进入车间,库房等狭窄地段时,应减速、鸣喇叭。
When truck is entering the work shop or warehouse where has narrow path, should slow down the speed, and press horn.
6. 叉车上严禁载人。
It is forbided to carry other people on the truck.
7. 叉车在运行时,不论是空车运行还是装载运行都必须严格遵守叉车安全操作规程。
During the operating time, Truck need to follow the Forklift Truck Safety Operate regulation no matter it is unloaded or fully loaded.
(四) 装卸堆垛注意事项:
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